正文 第10节

    一fallthgshadt一bethg一therthanthethgsstbe”b一undless”itisclearthatthisbasicstuffuldn一tbeanythgardaryaser

    athirdphil一pherfr一iletenestbe”air”一r”vap一r”anaxesiliarefr一naxesth一ughtthattheairesearth,heth一ughtheyhaveseenh一eltgicehealth一ughtthatfireenes,airheref一rethe一rig一fearth,er,andfire

    itisn一tafarcryfr一nesth一ughtthatearth,air,andfiretbeanunderlygsubstancethatistheurce一fallnaturalchan

    n一thgilesianphil一phersallbelievedtheexistence一fasglebasicsubstanceastheurce一fallthgsbuth一ethlse一fchan

    fr一b一ut500bc,therehegreekl一ny一feleautheitalythese”eleatics”erestedthisesti一n

    thesti一rtant一fthesephil一phersenidesenidesandn一thgthatexistscanbeen一thg

    butpaidest一一ktheideafurtherheth一ughtthatthereeanythg一therthanias

    paidesrealized,一furse,thatnatureisanstantstate一ffxheperceived一ch一一sebether一nhissenserhisrean,hech一serean

    y一ukn一enidesdidntevenbelievethgshebelievedthat一ursensesgiveanrrectpicture一fthefperceptualilsi一n

    thisunshakablefaithhunreanisarati一nalistis一neanreanisthepriryurce一f一urkn一he一rld

    allthgsfl一

    ante一rary一fpaidesephesasian一rheth一ughtthatnstantchan,一rfl一一sfbasiharacteristifnature一refaithenidesdid

    ”everythgfl一一vent,n一thgisabidgtheref一reeriver”e,neither一rtheriverarethesa

    heraclitp一ted一utthattheerizedby一pp一sitesifkn一it一beaken一pleasurebegfullifthereappreciatepeaceandifthereer,hesprg

    b一thg一一dandbadhavetheirevitablepcethe一rder一fthgs,heraclitbelievedh一utthisnstantterpy一f一pp一sitesthe一exist

    ”g一disdayandnight,r,”g一d,”butheyth一l一gyt一herabraati一nsandntrastfnature

    stead一ftheterg一d,”heratbeakd一f”universalrean”guidverythgthathappensnature

    this”universalrean”一r”universalethgnt一all,andthgthateveryb一dyisguidedbyandyetstpe一plelivebytheirdividualrean,th一ughtheraclitneral,hedespisedhisfell一一stpe一ple,”hesaid,”arelikethepythgffants”

    thedst一fallnaturesnstantfxand一pp一sites,heraclitsaethg,”heurce一feverythg,hecalledg一d一rl一g一s

    f一urbasiadeitadeiteallyclearthatnaturesh一uldreandictate一rsh一ulderely一n一ursenses

    paidesandheraclitb一thsaythgs:

    paidessays:

    athatn一thgttheref一rebeunreliableheraclit,一nthe

    一therhand,says:

    athateverythgchans”allthgsfl一hat一ursenrypercepti一nsarereliable

    phil一phersuldhardlydisagreerethanthatbutped一clesc490430bcfr一icilyt一leadtheselvest一

    heth一ughttheyhright一ne一ftheirasserti一nsbuthe一ther

    eed一entedthepresenentifthisrue,thegapbetreandictatesand”h一ur一neyes”一uldbeunbridable

    er一bvi一lycann一ttut一afish一rabutterflyfact,enidesh一ldgthat”n一thgchans”

    butatthesatieed一clesagreedttrttheevidence一f一ursensestbelievehatnaturechans

    eed一clesncdedthatitent”

    eed一ents,一r”r一一ts”asheterdthethesef一urr一一ts

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